Just published are the results of an OHE Lunchtime Seminar given by Prof Riccaboni, from the University of Trento. In this publication, he explores whether R&D productivity in the pharmaceutical industry has declined and, if so, why.

Just published are the results of an OHE Lunchtime Seminar given by Prof Riccaboni, from the University of Trento.  In this publication, he explores whether R&D productivity in the pharmaceutical industry has declined and, if so, why[1].

Launches of new products, Prof Riccaboni notes, have remained at about the same number per year since 2000 and have remained at a level lower than during the 1990s.  He identifies two reasons for this.  First, development times (patent filing to market launch) have increased markedly.  From an average of 9.7 years in the 1990s, development times increased to an average of 13.9 years after 2000.  Second, “attrition rates”, i.e. the percentage of R&D projects that are discontinued, have increased – and particularly in Phases 2 and 3.

Trends in attrition rates of drug development projects

  Several reasons for these trends are identified by Prof Riccaboni:

1. The “fishing-out effect” means that the “easy” diseases have been addressed and today’s more complicated targets carry a higher risk of failure
2. The pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a “gestation lag”, which occurs when a radical change in technological capabilities (i.e. the molecular biology revolution) requires a corresponding shift in research approach
3. More complex science requires the assembly and management of larger teams with a greater range of expertise
4. A mix of regulatory requirements and marketing changes are making competition tougher, increasing the likelihood that projects will be discontinued
5. The threshold of knowledge required to shift R&D to new targets is higher and requires more time to acquire and employ

In this Seminar Briefing, Prof Riccaboni tracks the shift in the composition of R&D portfolios towards more complex and higher risk areas of research. For example, comparing the R&D portfolio composition from 1990-1999 to that of 2000-2007 shows “an 8% increase in cancer research projects and a 4.57% decrease in the cardiovascular area.”  Also increasing is research in anti-neoplastic agents (6.9%), neurological diseases (1.1%), and alimentary tract metabolism (1.6%).  R&D in all other areas has been declining.  The reasons for the shifts, according to Prof Riccaboni, are a mix of company strategy,  i.e. deciding that higher potential rewards are worth higher risk, and public incentives, e.g. allowing only “breakthrough” drugs to be eligible for higher pricing.

In comparing R&D performance of companies based in the US and Europe, Prof Riccaboni also identifies a set of “global” companies that seek out new opportunities and talented people outside the countries in which they are headquartered. He finds that, overall, the R&D productivity of these global companies is highest. With respect to sales, “the market value of NMEs for European companies is far lower than the market value for US companies even after controlling for a number of variables”, he notes, but he found “no difference between the market value of drugs produced by US companies and that of global companies that do most of their research in the US.”

Download Riccaboni, M. (2012) Is there a productivity crisis in pharmaceutical R&D? Seminar Briefing. 11. London: Office of Health Economics.